Genes, Genes, The Magical Fruit

Many years ago, my then-wife’s adoptive mother snapped at me about the topic of Sickle-cell disease (SCD). She told me that she had SCD, and that it was an example of how the government of the United States had silent intentions on killing off blacks because they’re very susceptible to SCD and there was no studies being done to find a cure. At the time, I didn’t have any real knowledge on the subject and wound up essentially listening to her but knowing she was mistaken on the subject. However, it’s an interesting example of one of the aspects of evolution that I wanted to jot down a few thoughts about, so it serves as a good starting point.

SCD is a genetic issue, and it’s an adaptation that has a seriously positive payoff. You see, people with only a single sickle-cell gene are much better equipped to survive malaria. Sure, your lifespan gets cut shorter and there are some serious health issues that go hand in hand with it, but it’s a hell of a lot more genetically advantageous than dying in childhood with malaria, and from a pure evolutionary perspective, people who die as children do not have the potential to be parents. If a genetic abnormality causes death in middle age and prevents death in childhood, then the odds are greater that the person in question can live long enough to pass on their genetics.

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Immortal Life Inside The Computer

It’s not a new idea, but there are still those who believe that before they die, they could download their brains into a computer and live on forever. Someone in a conversation with me not that long ago was talking about this, and I thought they were kidding, but there are still people who would actually consider this living forever. I guess the threads on Ray Kurzweil at Pharyngula have triggered comments that led in this direction, and PZ has a comment on the subject.

Naturally, I have thoughts on the subject. I don’t know that I agree with PZ about the idea of a brain scan that powerful literally pulling you apart at the molecular level, but what I would say is that I cannot in my mind fathom the idea that even a brilliantly more powerful computer would be my consciousness. Whatever may happen inside the computer is really nothing more than a simulation, even a terribly clever one that could imitate me for the rest of existence as we know it. But it would not be the me that is me.

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Your Doing It Wrong: Computer Brains Edition

PZ Myers has commented on this at Pharyngula already and it’s possible that this has already run it’s course, but as a computer nerd I simply had to weigh in on the topic. You see, Ray Kurzweil thinks that we’ll be able to reverse engineer the brain by 2020. Sadly, despite being an expert in artificial intelligence, Ray is dead bloody wrong.

His argument is based around the idea that we’ve horribly overcomplicated the nature of the brain. It’s big and puffy and full of stuff, but it’s also not necessary in reverse engineering the brain. All you need there is our good pal the Human Genome. Unfortunately, that’s just not the case. A genome is not a brain, and it’s not even (for want of a cleaner analogy) a dehydrated brain. The genome carries within it instructions that will lead to creation of a brain, among many other bits that make us us. But a brain is much more complicated in much the same way that a chocolate cake with cherry icing and walnuts is more complicated than a listing of the order of mixing chemicals.

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Salamanders And Algae: Breaking All The Rules

The say that rules are meant to be broken. They say the exception proves the rule (though when they say that, they’re saying it wrong). Most of our rules hold up to these tests, but when we find legitimate exceptions, it means we have to fix our rules a bit. This is true of any scientific premise, but not of matters of faith. When it comes to faith, things that violate it are either dismissed as false or the adherents simply pretend the two things don’t conflict.

Well, today I read about a scientific rule being broken. Stupid salamanders making our science have to adapt! Can’t they just behave like every other type of vertebrate on earth? Sheesh!

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Sarah Palin – Her Know Science Real Good

I hadn’t really thought much about Sarah Palin’s ridiculous comment about how we should stop spending money on fruit fly research. It was laughable and there were any number of rebuttals presented at the time that showed her for the ignorant boob she is. But I have of late been spending my train rides to and from work listening to a course from MIT that I downloaded from iTunes University on genetics with the incredibly enjoyable instructor, Eric Lander. It’s an introductory course, and it occurred to me that probably most people do not know just how important fruit fly research is. So I figured I’d comment.

It’s not just autism, folks. Yes, in the clip above we see people arguing about the fact that fruit fly research has been integral to the understanding of genetics as a science. People, you see, make a decidedly crappy study medium. With fruit flies, you can control what males and females mate. It’s kind of a big deal, and people are really funny about not letting scientists say “We want to know what color eyes your children will have if you have sex with this woman, so please hop up on the table and get ‘er done.” Fruit flies are much more prolific than people too, so you can see a much clearer picture. If man x and woman y have sex for the purposes of evaluating a phenotopic result, you are statistically not terribly likely to get more than one or two children. Fruit fly ladies can do a hundred in a day. And where human babies take approximately nine months in the mommy to develop and then years to reach adulthood, fruit flies do it in around 10 days (assuming it’s kept at room temperature). The end result there is you can actually study generations of fruit flies efficiently. With people, it’s a whole lot less timely.

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Salps! Seriously, Salps!

I had never heard of salps before a few days ago reading a post on Jerry Coyne’s Why Evolution Is True blog, but they’re neat as hell and I just read another article about them on Science Daily, so I figured it would be nice to share the information.

Salps are chordates, despite they fact that they look like jellyfish, and they’re turning out to be a lot more important than we had thought. According to the Science Daily article, researchers are starting to see that the humble salp makes some very important poop.
We always knew (and by “we” I clearly mean “people who know things about salps”) that they ate phytoplankton. However, the research is showing that they most likely eat particles that are a whole lot smaller than that: Continue reading

The Brain

The brain’s just neat. And really, we don’t all the way give it credit for how neat it is, and how much it does for us. Sure, it gives us cool things like our deep thoughts and our ability to do crossword puzzles, but it does so much more for us, and much of the things it does we’ve attributed to other body parts. We don’t think of our brain as being a part of a rousing game of football, but every catch, every step, and every shoulder-check we throw into some big fat bastard’s stomach while blitzing the quarterback, that’s all our brain interpreting who knows how much information every moment, controlling our physical form, keeping us safe and clear-headed, and spotting those holes in the defensive line we need before we even know we’re aware of them.

In fact, there’s been some interesting research that Jerry Coyne has been discussing on his blog of late about the idea that our brains are so bloody awesome they may have ruled out free will . I don’t understand the science behind it, but according to recent tests, it appears that we make decisions at a brain chemistry level as much as seven seconds before we realize that we’ve made a decision. I’m no Johnny Von Brainsurgeon, so I honestly can’t weigh in on the topic except to say that if my conscious free will is an illusion, it’s an awfully powerful one.

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Why I Am A Honky

I’ve always believed that the notion of race was irrelevant. I was raised by liberal Christians who felt that everybody should be equal, and to this day I take a same-but-different stance. My opinion, honestly, is that there are a lot of adjectives to describe a person. Race is one of them. Gender another. I am apathetic to the sum total of those adjectives. If I was hiring a person for a job, I would base my opinion on those adjectives, looking for the combination that best suited the job in question. Race very rarely comes into this equation, unless the job was something that actually related directly to qualities possessed by a particular race. Off the top of my head, I can’t think of one. without really stretching, like pretending I had to hire someone to perform experiments on for a study on sickle cell anemia, a disease that is statistically more common in people who’s ancestors lived in malaria-ridden tropical and sub-tropical climates. But that’s a weak example at best, as race wouldn’t be the issue, presence of sickle cell anemia would be.

But I digress. Clearly, the world is full of people who actually care very deeply about the shade of their flesh, the shape of their face, and all the other myriad traits associated with a given race. And so long as you aren’t a dick about it, I call it no harm no foul. But I do find it strange that people worry about this. Perhaps that’s because I’m a honky, and was raised in a honky part of a honky city.

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Chickens, Eggs, and Exorcists

Back when I was a lad, I had a thing for horror novels. In fact, I imagined that one day I would write horror novels as a career. It wasn’t until years later that I published two short stories in a horror magazine and then read the other entries in the magazine that I changed this opinion. Horror, it dawned on me, was lame. However, in those formative years I read a tremendous amount of horror fiction from a variety of sources. One of my favorite sets of books was The Exorcist, and later Legion, by William Peter Blatty.

I’m pretty sure that it was Legion that tackled evolution, but I could be wrong. At any rate, I remember really enjoying the philosophical debates about evolution that are documented in the book. As a young Christian lad, they resounded with me, and the fact that the feeling the reader is left with includes a loving hand of God made that young Christian in me awful pleased. The one argument that stayed with me, and that I later came to recognize as fallacious, was the idea of the egg.

I’m going somewhere with this, trust me.

I’m stretching the ole’ gray matter back a long ways, but if I’m right in my remembrances, Kinderman talks about the incredible requirements of an egg. It would have to have a food source. It would have to have a bladder. It would have to be tough enough to protect but not so tough that the embryo could not escape. The embryo would need an egg tooth. And on and on and on, he listed the many things that an egg would need in order to succeed, and if any one of those features was not present, the embryo would die. Later in life I would learn that this is the argument from irreducible complexity.

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